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An academic study of conservatism that lumped together Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Ronald Reagan, and Rush Limbaugh was funded by federal grants, according to congressional investigators. The study, 'Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition,' was written by John T. Jost, a professor at Stanford University, Jack Glaser and Frank J. Sulloway, professors at the University of California, Berkeley, and Arie W. Kruglanski, a professor at the University of Maryland. It was published in the American Psychological Association's Psychological Bulletin. Congressional investigators have found that the study was financed by $1.2 million in federal funds. According to the House Republican Study Committee, Kruglanski received National Institute of Mental Health grants totaling $976,762, Glaser received National Institute of Mental Health grants totaling $48,464, and Jost and Kruglanski together received an estimated $213,800 from the National Science Foundation. The authors describe their work as an examination of 'the hypotheses that political conservatism is significantly associated with (1) mental rigidity and closed-mindedness, including (a) increased dogmatism and intolerance of ambiguity, (b) decreased cognitive complexity, (c) decreased openness to experience, (d) uncertainty avoidance, (e) personal needs for order and structure, and (f) need for cognitive closure; (2) lowered self-esteem; (3) fear, anger, and aggression; (4) pessimism, disgust, and contempt....We have argued that these motives are in fact related to one another psychologically, and our motivated social-cognitive perspective helps to integrate them.' One of the more controversial assertions in the federally funded work is the authors' argument that Hitler, Mussolini, Reagan, and Limbaugh share common traits as conservatives. 'One is justified in referring to Hitler, Mussolini, Reagan, and Limbaugh as right-wing conservatives,' the authors write in a published adjunct to the study, 'no
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